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Dioxygen activation chemistry by synthetic mononuclear nonheme iron, copper and chromium complexes

The activation of dioxygen (O2) by metalloenzymes proceeds by binding O2 at their active sites and then generating highly reactive, thermally unstable metal-oxygen intermediates, such as metal-superoxo, -(hydro)peroxo and -oxo species, via electron and proton transfer reactions. The synthesis, characterization and reactivity studies of the chemical model compounds of the key metal-oxygen intermediates can provide vital insights into the chemistry of such enzymatic reactions, and our understanding of the biologically important metal-oxygen intermediates has improved greatly by the success of synthesizing their analogues recently. In this article, we provide a focused review on the recent advances in the dioxygen activation processes at biomimetic iron, copper and chromium centers, paying particular emphasis to the factors that control the O2-activation reactions, such as the effects of ligands, redox potentials and spin-states of biomimetic compounds. Among the most significant findings of these studies are the use of O2 as an oxygen source in the generation of iron-oxygen intermediates and the autocatalytic radical chain reactions involved in the iron-mediated O2-activation processes. Similarly, new approaches to achieve less overpotential have been identified, which is more desirable for the catalytic four-electron reduction of O2 using copper complexes. In addition, the versatility of metal-superoxo species as reactive intermediates in various oxidation reactions has been elegantly demonstrated in the recent synthesis of a mononuclear nonheme chromium(III)-superoxo complex. This review will provide clues that lesson us how synthetic and mechanistic developments in biomimetic research can advance our understanding of O2-activation processes in enzymatic reactions.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Insights into the reactivity of epoxides as reducing agents in low-catalyst-concentration ATRP reactions

Modern atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) techniques employ relatively-low concentrations of copper complexes as the polymerization mediators. Typically, the catalyst is initially added in the higher oxidation (deactivating) state, so these systems require a reducing agent to generate in situ the lower oxidation state (activating) complex, able to react with an alkyl halide initiator, thereby initializing the polymerization. Epoxides can serve in this function and in this work, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene were homopolymerized in a well-controlled manner from an alkyl bromide initiator under low-catalyst-concentration ATRP conditions in the presence of an equimolar amount (vs monomer) of epoxides such as styrene oxide or phenyl glycidyl ether. A study on the free radical polymerization of ethyl acrylate, which occurred in the presence of styrene oxide and CuBr2 but only in the absence of radical traps/inhibitors, further demonstrated that the reduction of the deactivator by epoxides proceeds via the formation of a radical derived from an alkoxide anion originating from the epoxide.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Spin crossover of ferric complexes with catecholate derivatives. Single-crystal X-ray structure, Magnetic and Moessbauer investigations

Complexes of general formula [(TPA)Fe(R-Cat)]X¡¤nS were synthesised with different catecholate derivatives and anions (TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl) amine, R-Cat2- = 4,5-(NO2)2-Cat2- denoted DNC2-; 3,4,5,6-Cl4-Cat2- denoted TCC2-; 3-OMe-Cat2-; 4-Me-Cat2- and X = BPh 4-; NO3-; PF6 -; ClO4-; S = solvent molecule). Their magnetic behaviours in the solid state show a general feature along the series, viz., the occurrence of a thermally-induced spin crossover process. The transition curves are continuous with transition temperatures ranging from ca. 84 to 257 K. The crystal structures of [(TPA)Fe(DNC)]X (X = PF6-; BPh4-) and [(TPA)Fe(TCC)]X¡¤nS (X = PF 6-; NO3- and n = 1, S = H 2O; ClO4- and n= 1, S = H2O; BPh4- and n = 1, S = C3H6O) were solved at 100 (or 123 K) and 293 K. For those two systems, the characteristics of the [FeN4O2] coordination core and those of the dioxolene ligands appear to be consistent with a prevailing Fe III-catecholate formulation. This feature is in contrast with the large quantum mixing between FeIII-catecholate and Fe III-semiqumonate forms recently observed with the more electron donating simple catecholate dianion. The thermal spin crossover process is accompanied by significant changes of the molecular structures as shown by the average variation of the metal-ligand bond distances which can be extrapolated for a complete spin conversion from ca. 0.123 to 0.156 A. The different space groups were retained in the low- and high-temperature phases. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2005.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
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Photoinduced Miniemulsion Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Photomediated atom transfer radical polymerization (photoATRP) of (meth)acrylic monomers was conducted in miniemulsion media. The polymerization procedures took advantage of an ion-pair catalyst formed by interaction of Cu/TPMA2 (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The ion-pair catalyst was efficient in controlling ATRP reactions with catalyst loadings as low as 100 ppm. The effect of different polymerization parameters, such as the size of the reaction vial, amount of surfactant, and solids content influencing the photoATRP in miniemulsion, was studied. The polymerization was conducted with solids content ranging from 5 to 50 vol % under a moderate surfactant loading (<5 wt % relative to monomer). Excellent temporal control was achieved upon switching the UV light on and off multiple times, and the polymer was successfully chain extended, indicating high retention of chain-end fidelity. I hope this article can help some friends in scientific research. I am very proud of our efforts over the past few months and hope to 16858-01-8, help many people in the next few years.SDS of cas: 16858-01-8

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
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Oxidation chemistry of uranium(III) complexes of tpa: Synthesis and structural studies of oxo, hydroxo, and alkoxo complexes of uranium(IV)

The crystal structure of the complex [U(tpa)2]I3, 1 (tpa = tris[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine), has been elucidated. The complex exists as only one enantiomer in the crystal leading to the chiral space group P2 12121. The coordination geometry of the metal can be described as a distorted cube. Accidental oxidation of [U(tpa) 2]I3 led to the isolation of the unusual mononuclear bishydroxo complex of uranium(IV) [U(tpa)2(OH)2]I 2¡¤3CH3CN, 2, which was structurally characterized. The controlled reaction of [U(tpa)2]I3 with water resulted in the oxidation of the metal center and led to the formation of protonated tpa and of the trinuclear U(IV) oxo complex {[U(tpa)(mu-O)I] 3(mu3-I)}I2, 3. The solid state and solution structures of this trimer are reported. The pathway suggested for the formation of this complex is the oxidation of the [U(tpa)2]I3 complex by H2O to form a U(IV) hydroxo complex which then decomposes, eliminating mono-protonated tpa. The comparison with the reported reaction with water of cyclopentadienyl derivatives points to a higher reactivity toward water reduction of the bis(tpa) complex with respect to the cyclopentadienyl derivatives. The reaction of U(III) with methanol in the presence of the supporting ligand tpa leads to formation of alkoxo complexes similarly to what is found for amide or cyclopentadienyl derivatives. The monomethoxide complex [U(tpa)I3(OMe)], 4, has been prepared in good yield by alcoholysis of the U(III) mono(tpa) complex. The crystal structure of this complex has been determined. The reaction of [U(tpa)2]I3 with 2 equiv of methanol in acetonitrile allows the isolation of the bismethoxo complex of U(IV) [U(tpa)I2(OMe)2], 5, in 35-47% yield, which has been fully characterized. To account for the oxidation of U(III) to U(IV) the suggested mechanism assumes that hydrogen is evolved in both reactions.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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The versatile ruthenium(II/III) tetraazamacrocycle complexes and their nitrosyl derivatives

Macrocyclic ligands are relevant because of the properties they impart to transition metal complexes, such as enhanced thermodynamic stability and slowed substitution kinetic behavior. Here, we address issues not previously reviewed, revisit others, present new results, and review and discuss the results obtained in the last decade for ruthenium(II/III) complexes with tetraazamacrocycles (mac) such as cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), [RuL1L2(mac)]q+ with emphasis on nitrosyls. Topics include synthesis, macrocycle functionalization, structure, spectroscopy, photochemistry, reactivity, density functional theory calculations, and biological properties. [RuL1L2(mac)]q+ complexes exhibit a rich chemistry, sometimes unusual, which depends on macrocycle ring size, the presence of N- or C-pendant groups, metal oxidation state, electronic structure, and the nature of L1 and L2. These same features can be used to tune the properties of the complexes leading to potential applications in diverse fields.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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The proportionality constant is the rate constant for the particular unimolecular reaction. the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant. I hope my blog about 16858-01-8 is helpful to your research. Computed Properties of C18H18N4

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Rhodium, palladium and platinum complexes of tris(pyridylalkyl)amine and tris(benzimidazolylmethyl) amine N4-tripodal ligandst

To investigate the influence of a potentially N4-tripodal amine ligand on the structure and internal exchange processes of its complexes with late transition metals, five rhodium, six palladium and two platinum complexes have been prepared from seven alkyl-bridged N-heterocyclic amine tripodal ligands: tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, (2-(2-pyridylethyl))bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, bis(2-(2-pyridylethyl))-2-pyridylmethylamine, bis(2-(2-pyridylethyl))amine, ((6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-pyridyl)methyl)bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, tris(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)amine (tbima) and tris(3-ethyl-2-benzimidazolylmethyl)amine. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were completed for ten complexes: the d6-rhodium(in) complexes are octahedral with kappa4W-bound ligands, whereas the d8-palladium(II) and d8-platinum(II) complexes are square planar, kappa3N-bound by the tripodal ligand with a dangling N-donor leg, except for the unusual [Pd2(tbima)2Cl 2]Cl2 dimer in which each palladium(II) ion is square planar and bound by two benzimidazole legs from one tbima ligand, one leg from the other tbima ligand and a chloride ancillary ligand. Cation bilayers are a common structural motif in the crystal structures. Variable-temperature 1H NMR studies reveal exchange occurs between the coordinated and dangling N-donor legs in the palladium and platinum complexes. Exchange free energy (DeltaG?C) values have been calculated and some general rules governing the favoured complex structures and exchange pathways elucidated. The palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes of a ligand with an pyridylethyl leg are unstable with respect to elimination of vinylpyridine. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2006.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Constructing zwitterionic polymer brush layer to enhance gravity-driven membrane performance by governing biofilm formation

In this study, zwitterionic polymer brushes with controlled architecture were grafted on the surface of gravity-driven membrane (GDM) via surface-initiated reaction to impart antifouling property. A variety of membrane characterization techniques were conducted to demonstrate the successful functionalization of zwitterionic polymers on PVDF hollow fiber membrane. The membrane underwent 90 min of reaction time possessing strong hydrophilicity and high permeability was determined as the optimal modified membrane. Long-term GDM dynamic fouling experiments operated for 30 days using sewage wastewater as feed solution indicated zwitterionic polymer modified membrane exhibit excellent membrane fouling resistance thus enhanced stable flux. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging implied that zwitterionic polymer modification significantly inhibit the adsorption of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which dominates fouling propensity, resulting in the formation of a thin biofilm with high porosity under synthetic functions of foulants deposition and microbial activities. Interfacial free energy prediction affirmed the presence of zwitterionic functional layer on membrane surface could substantially decrease the interactions (e.g., electrostatic attractions and hydrophobic effects) between membrane and foulants, thereby reduced flux decline and high stable flux. Our study suggests surface hydrophilic functionalization shows promising potential for improving the performance of ultra-low pressure filtration.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Copper-catalyzed functionalized tertiary-alkylative sonogashira type couplings via copper acetylide at room temperature

There are several reports on Sonogashira couplings, but most of the reported reactions have employed aryl or alkenyl halides as coupling partners. Therefore, Sonogashira coupling is unsuitable for alkyl loadings, especially tertiary alkyl groups. In this research, we found that a copper catalyst is effective for a reaction between a terminal alkyne and an alpha-bromocarbonyl compound to form a quaternary carbon having alkynyl group at room temperature. Control experiments revealed that a copper acetylide is a key intermediate.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
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Structural properties of cationic molybdenum and tungsten allyl derivatives

Cationic allyldicarbonyl derivatives of molybdenum and tungsten of the types PF6 (M = W, allyl = C3H5 or 2-MeC3H4, L3 = bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, bpma) and PF6 (M = Mo or W, allyl = C3H5 or 2-MeC3H4, L4 = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, tpma) have been prepared, and their isomerism and dynamic behaviour in solution examined.In the solid state, PF6 (1a) exhibits an unsymmetric, and PF6 (3) a symmetric, orientation of the N-donor set, which comprises two pyridyl rings and the central, exocyclic N of each ligand, with respect to the ?-allyl group.The third bipyridyl ring of tpma in the latter complex is orientated away from the metal centre in the solid, but undergoes rapid exchange with N-donors within the coordination sphere at elevated temperatures in solution.Neither of the 2-MeC3H4 analogues of 3 are dynamic under similar conditions, whereas the 2-MeC3H4 analogue of 1 undergoes a facile trigonal twist rearrangement.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
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