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Metal?organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively used for single-site catalysis and light harvesting, but their application in multicomponent photocatalysis is unexplored. We report here the successful incorporation of an IrIII photoredox catalyst and a NiII cross-coupling catalyst into a stable Zr12 MOF, Zr12-Ir-Ni, to efficiently catalyze C?S bond formation between various aryl iodides and thiols. The proximity of the IrIII and NiII catalytic components to each other (ca. 0.6 nm) in Zr12-Ir-Ni greatly facilitates electron and thiol radical transfers from Ir to Ni centers to reach a turnover number of 38 500, an order of magnitude higher than that of its homogeneous counterpart. This work highlights the opportunity in merging photoredox and organometallic catalysts in MOFs to effect challenging organic transformations.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Four novel cycloplatinated(II) complexes, Pt(ppy)(acac-C6H4I-4) (1), Pt(ppy)(acac-C6H4 t-Bu-4) (2), Pt[dF(CF3)ppy](acac-C6H4I-4) (3) and Pt[dF(CF3)ppy](acac-C6H4 t-Bu-4) (4) based on either 2-phenylpyridine (ppy) or 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine [dF(CF3)ppy] ligands were synthesized and characterized. Complex 4 has two isomers with different color and luminescence. Yellow-green 4G emits a green luminescence whereas orange 4O exhibits red luminescence. Complexes 1, 2 and 4G display mechanoluminescence with the luminescence red-shift in a range of ca. 94?135 nm. Whereas 3 and 4O exhibit no response to mechanical grinding. Systematic studies on crystal structure, TGA, luminescence spectra, and PXRD demonstrate that the mechanoluminescence of 1 and 2 is due to the formation of pi-pi interactions, whereas, the mechanism for 4G is the destruction of F?F interactions during mechanical grinding. All complexes exhibit concentration-dependent luminescence switching behaviour in CHCl3 solution. Extremely large red-shifts of their luminescence spectra suggest the formation of aggregates via Pt?Pt interaction in high concentration solutions. Moreover, 4O don’t respond to ethanol vapor, but its ground species can be converted to 4G upon exposure to ethanol vapor. Based on this unique property, a simple device was developed using 4O as starting material and successfully demonstrated potential for data security storage.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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We report a rapid, one-pot, operationally simple, and scalable preparation of valuable cationic heteroleptic iridium(III) polypyridyl photosensitizers. This method takes advantage of two consecutive microwave irradiation steps in the same reactor vial, avoiding the need for additional reaction purifications. A number of known heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes are prepared in up to 96% yield. Notably, this method is demonstrated to provide the synthetically versatile photosensitizer [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6 in >1 g quantities in less than 5 h of bench time. We envision this method will help accelerate future developments in visible-light-dependent chemistry.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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The use of DNA for encoding and decoding in small-molecule synthesis for lead identification continues to gain widespread attention and application?more than a quarter century after its first disclosure. Successful execution of a diverse, drug-like library usually requires hundreds to thousands of commonly functionalized building blocks of relatively similar reactivity profiles. Aqueous and DNA-compatible organic reactions that utilize a large number of functionalized building blocks are perhaps among the most obvious and often discussed aspects of the successful application of this chemistry. This review highlights recent (since ~2015), relevant, new, and potentially highly useful such chemical transformations. Thereafter follows a discussion of the properties, requirements, costs, and diversity of building blocks that are currently available and may be useful for the construction of DNA-encoded libraries.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Six cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes were investigated to assess their potential as photosensitizers for long-range electron transfer, and two of them were incorporated directly into covalent donor-bridge-acceptor molecules. The influence of ligarid substitutions on the excited-state properties and the photoredox behavior of the iridium complexes was explored by optical absorption, steady-state and time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy, as well as by electrochemical methods. Bimolecular electron transfer between the photoexcited complexes and 10-methylphenothiazine and methylviologen was found to be only weakly dependent on the ligand substitutions. Intramolecular long-range electron transfer from phenothiazine to photoexcited iridium(III) in the dyads is slow due to the occurrence of a Coulomb barrier. Consequently, an electron-transfer photoproduct is only observable in the transient absorption spectrum, of a donorbridge-acceptor molecule with a fluorinated photosensitizer that exhibits a very long excited-state lifetime. A flashquench technique is necessary for detection of an electrontransfer product in the dyad with a non-fluorinated photosensitizer. The occurrence of a Coulomb barrier associated with intramolecular (excited-state) long-range electron transfer in the dyads with cyclometalated iridium(III) photosensitizers represents an important difference to previously investigated similar donor-bridge-acceptor molecules with photosensitizers based on d6 metal diimine complexes.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a highly successful technique used in commercial immunoassays for clinical diagnosis. Developing an ECL-based multiplex immunoassay, with the potential to enable high-throughput detection of multiple biomarkers simultaneously, remains a current research interest yet is limited by a narrow choice of ECL luminophores. Herein we report the synthesis, photophysics, electrochemistry, and ECL of several new ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes, three of which are eventually used as signal reporters for multiplex immunoassay. The ECL behaviors of individual luminophores and their mixtures were investigated in multiple modes, including light intensity, spectrum, and image measurements. The spectral peak separation between Ru(bpy)2(dvbpy)2+ (bpy = 2,2?-bipyridine, dvbpy = 4,4?-bis(4-vinylphenyl)-2,2?-bipyridine), and Ir(dFCF3ppy)2(dtbbpy)+ (dFCF3ppy = 3,5-difluoro-2-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]phenyl, dtbbpy = 4,4?-bis(tert-butyl)-2,2?-bipyridine) was up to 145 nm, thus providing the spectrum-resolved possibility of identifying light signals. The potential-resolved ECL signals were achieved for the mixtures of Ir(ppy)3 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) with either Ru(bpy)2(dvbpy)2+ or Ir(dFCF3ppy)2(dtbbpy)+, due to the self-annihilation ECL of Ir(ppy)3 at higher potentials, as confirmed by electrochemistry-coupled mass spectrometry. A multiplex immunoassay free of spatial spotting antibodies on plates or substrates was ultimately devised by combining luminophore-loaded polymer beads with the homogeneous sandwich immunoreaction. Using potential and spectrum dual-resolved ECL as the readout signal, simultaneous recognition of three antigens, namely, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG), was demonstrated in a single run for a sample volume of 300 muL. These results contribute to the understanding of ECL generation by multiple luminophores and devising spot-free multiplex immunoassays with less sample consumption.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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We report here a photocatalytic method for the intermolecular anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of unactivated olefins with primary alkyl amines to selectively furnish secondary amine products. These reactions proceed through aminium radical cation (ARC) intermediates and occur at room temperature under visible light irradiation in the presence of an iridium photocatalyst and an aryl thiol hydrogen atom donor. Despite the presence of excess olefin, high selectivities are observed for secondary over tertiary amine products, even though the secondary amines are established substrates for ARC-based olefin amination under similar conditions.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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The distance dependences of electron-transfer rates (kET) in three homologous series of donor-bridge-acceptor compounds with reaction free energies (DeltaGET0) of ca. -1.2, -1.6, and -2.0 eV for thermal charge recombination after initial photoinduced charge separation were studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. In the series with low driving force, the distance dependence is normal and kET decreases upon donor-acceptor distance (rDA) elongation. In the two series with higher driving forces, kET increases with increasing distance over a certain range. This counterintuitive behavior can be explained by a weakly distance-dependent electronic donor-acceptor coupling (HDA) in combination with an increasing reorganization energy (lambda). Our study shows that highly exergonic electron transfers can have distance dependences that differ drastically from those of the more commonly investigated weakly exergonic reactions.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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The syntheses, structures, photophysical, and electroluminescent properties of three green emitting heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes, (ptfmppy) 2Ir(pic) (Ir1), (dfptfmppy) 2Ir(pic) (Ir2), and (tfptfmppy) 2Ir(pic) (Ir3) [ptfmppy = 5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(phenyl)pyridine, dfptfmppy = 5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl) pyridine, tfptfmppy = 5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(2,3,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine, and picH = picolinic acid] and the results of an investigation on their suitabilities for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (phOLEDs) applications are reported. X-ray single crystal structures showed that iridium(III) cations in Ir1 and Ir2 adopted six-coordinated geometries involving two C and two N atoms from substituted-ppy, and one N and one O atom from pic, which produced a distorted octahedral geometry. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed that the synthesized iridium(III) complexes exhibited emissions at 497 ~ 534 nm in dichloromethane with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) ranging from 60 to 67%, and TGA experiments showed that they had good thermal stabilities. In Ir3, the conjugation effect rather than the electronic effect of the 3-positioned fluorine atom on phenyl ring of ppy increased the HOMO energy level causing bathochromic shifts. Electroluminescent devices of ITO(110 nm)/PEDOT:PSS (40 nm)/PVK:TCTA:OXD-7:Ir (80 nm)/TmPyPB (20 nm)/Al (100 nm) were fabricated using the iridium(III) complexes as phosphors in an emitting layer, and their electroluminescent performances were investigated.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Photocatalysis under visible-light irradiation has many applications in organic synthesis and solar fuels. Out of the many photosensitizers that have been used in photocatalysis applications, metal-based photosensitizers are most prominent, given their excellent tunability and performance. In this review, different categories of metal-based photosensitizers are summarized and their function in photocatalytic reactions is described. There are also examples of recently developed photocatalytic applications using these photosensitizers.

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Reference:
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI