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Background: Filarial antigen tests are key tools for mapping the distribution of bancroftian filariasis and for detecting areas with persistent infections following mass drug administration (MDA). A recent study showed that the new Alere Filariasis Test Strip (FTS) has better analytical sensitivity than the BinaxNOW Filariasis card test (Card Test) for detecting circulating filarial antigen, and the FTS detected more positive results than the Card Test in a field study performed in a highly endemic area in Liberia. Methods: The present study compared the performance of the FTS and the Card Test in community surveys that were conducted in southern Sri Lanka and in Indonesia (Central Java) in areas with low-level persistence of LF following multiple rounds of MDA with diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole. The studies were performed in densely populated semi-urban areas where Wuchereria bancrofti is transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus. Results: Antigenemia rates by FTS were 138 % higher in the Sri Lanka study (43/852 vs. 18/852) and 21 % higher in the Indonesia study (50/778 vs. 41/778) than antigenemia rates by Card Test. Antigenemia rates were significantly higher in males than in females and higher in adults than in children in both study sites. Although overall antigenemia rates and test scores were significantly higher by FTS than by Card Test in both study areas, rates in young children were similar with both tests in both areas. Conclusions: These results extend the previously reported superior sensitivity of the FTS to areas with low residual infection rates following MDA, and this could affect mapping and post-MDA survey results in adults. However, our findings suggest that results of transmission assessment surveys (TAS) performed in school-aged children are likely to be similar with both tests.

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Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

Catalysts function by providing an alternate reaction mechanism that has a lower activation energy than would be found in the absence of the catalyst. In some cases, the catalyzed mechanism may include additional steps.In a article, 4730-54-5, molcular formula is C6H15N3, introducing its new discovery. Recommanded Product: 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) interferes with cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing the production of thromboxane, prostacyclin, prostaglandin and leukotrienes. Recent studies using different experimental models of inflammation have indicated that DEC, in addition to inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, also inhibits nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation, which is a key regulator of proinflammatory genes such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and even cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive summary of DEC, including a description of filaricidal action, inhibition of synthesis and secretory pathways, immunomodulatory activity, and specific inhibition of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways.

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Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

Chemistry is traditionally divided into organic and inorganic chemistry. HPLC of Formula: C6H15N3. The former is the study of compounds containing at least one carbon-hydrogen bonds.In a patent，Which mentioned a new discovery about 4730-54-5

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a leading reason why new compounds are dropped from further study or are the subject of product warnings and regulatory actions. Hy’s Law of drug-induced hepatocellular jaundice causing a case-fatality rate or need for transplant of 10% or higher has been validated in several large national registries, including the ongoing, prospective U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. It serves as the basis for stopping rules in clinical trials and in clinical practice. Because DILI can mimic all known causes of acute and chronic liver disease, establishing causality can be difficult. Histopathologic findings are often nonspecific and rarely, if ever, considered pathognomonic. A daily drug dose >50-100 mg is more likely to be hepatotoxic than does <10 mg, especially if the compound is highly lipophilic or undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. The quest for a predictive biomarker to replace alanine aminotransferase is ongoing. Markers of necrosis and apoptosis such as microRNA-122 and keratin 18 may prove useful in identifying patients at risk for severe injury when they initially present with a suspected acetaminophen overdose. Although a number of drugs causing idiosyncratic DILI have HLA associations that may allow for pre-prescription testing to prevent hepatotoxicity, the cost and relatively low frequency of injury among affected patients limit the current usefulness of such genome-wide association studies. Alanine aminotransferase monitoring is often recommended but has rarely been shown to be an effective method to prevent serious DILI. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of DILI have recently been published, although specific therapies remain limited. The LiverTox Web site has been introduced as an interactive online virtual textbook that makes the latest information on more than 650 agents available to clinicians, regulators, and drug developers alike. Note that a catalyst decreases the activation energy for both the forward and the reverse reactions and hence accelerates both the forward and the reverse reactions.Computed Properties of C6H15N3, you can also check out more blogs about4730-54-5

Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic disease that causes permanent disability (elephantiasis). Currently used antifilarial drugs are failing to control LF and there is resurgence in some areas. Looking for new antifilarial leads, we found that Calotropis procera plant parts have been used in traditional medicine for alleviating elephantiasis but the antifilarial activity is not known. Objective: In the present study, the antifilarial activity of ethanolic extract (A001) and its hexane fraction (F001) of C. procera flowers was investigated using the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi. Methods: A001 and F001 were tested for antifilarial activity using motility and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays (in vitro) and in the rodent models B. malayi-Meriones unguiculatus and B. malayi-Mastomys coucha. In the rodent models, A001 and F001 were administered orally for 5 consecutive days, and the adult worm burden and course of microfilaraemia were determined. Results: Both A001 and F001 showed microfilaricidal and macrofilaricidal activity in vitro. In animal models, A001 killed ~49-54% adult worms. In M. coucha model, F001 killed 12-60% adult worms in a dose (125-500 mg/kg) dependent manner; A001 and F001 suppressed microfilaraemia till days 91 and 35 post initiation of treatment, respectively. HPTLC revealed 0.61% lupeol, 0.50% beta-sitosterol and 1.50% triacontanol in F001. Conclusion: Flowers of C. procera have definite microfilaricidal and macrofilaricidal activities. Whether this activity is due to lupeol, beta-sitosterol and triacontanol found in the hexane fraction remains to be investigated. This is the first report on the antifilarial efficacy of flowers of the plant C. procera.

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Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, Recommanded Product: 4730-54-5, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 4730-54-5, Name is 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane, molecular formula is C6H15N3. In a Review, authors is Edwige, Mengome Line，once mentioned of 4730-54-5

Loa loa filarial worm affects humans living in rural areas, urban slums, or conflict zones. This parasite is responsible for neglected tropical diseases, endemic in rainforest areas of the West and Central African. L. loa has also been diagnosed among travelers and migrants. In areas that are co-endemic of L. loa filarial with other filariasis such as onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, or mansonelliasis, the treatment by diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin increases the risk of severe adverse effects. To remedy to this, it would be interesting to explore other tracks such medicinal plants. Nearly 80% of worldwide seed traditional practitioners are the first choice, and a large number of medicinal plants were claimed to possess antifilarial activities. This review relates about medicinal plants used to treat L. loa filarial disease.

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Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Since glutathione-S-transferase (GST) mediated xenobiotic detoxification is a crucial mechanism in nematodes survival, we aimed to conduct an in silico analysis of filarial GST in order to predict the possible interactions for antifilarials. Present report depicts the homology modeling approach applied in the construction of molecular structure of Brugia malayi GST (BmGST) followed by its docking simulation with available antifilarials such as diethylcarbamazine, albendazole, Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) and substituted chalcones. A very low root mean square deviation (0.82 A) from template structure and stereochemical quality of constructed BmGST model proposed it as a significant framework for further analysis. In docking studies antifilarials and chalcones exhibited demarcation in their binding affinity and modes. Amongst all the compounds studied, albendazole and methyl-substituted chalcone showed the lowest binding energy and occupied binding pocket near to substrate binding site of GST. The side chain of these compounds interplayed as a potential interaction site which targeted mainly hydrophilic residues of the BmGST. The structural information and binding site mapping of BmGST for different antifilarials obtained from this study could aid in screening and designing new antifilarials or selective inhibitors for chemotherapy against filariasis.

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Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactant. The number of collisions between reactants and catalyst is at a maximum.In a patent, 4730-54-5, name is 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane, introducing its new discovery. Quality Control of: 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane

Objective: The present work describes the development and subsequent validation of a simple, precise and stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of diethylcarbamazine citrate, guaiphenesin and chlorpheniramine maleate in tablet dosage forms. Methods: A simple, accurate, precise and robust RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of diethylcarbamazine citrate, guaiphenesin and chlorpheniramine maleate. The chromatographic separation of all the three active components was achieved by using luna phenyl-hexyl column (250 mmx4.6 mm, dp=5 mum) with a mobile phase consisting of isocratic method with 0.1% triethylamine as buffer along with orthophosphoric acid adjusted to PH 2.5: acetonitrile (50:50v/v) at a flow rate 1.0 ml/min and ultraviolet detection at 210 nm. Results: The retention time of chlorpheniramine maleate, guaiphenesin and diethylcarbamazine citrate were 2.86, 4.89 and 7.76 min respectively. Validation of the proposed method was carried out according to an international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The established method was linear in the range of 1-15, 0.6-9, 0.02-0.3 mug/ml and correlation coefficient was 0.999, 0.9991, and 0.993 for diethylcarbamazine citrate, guaiphenesin and chlorpheniramine maleate respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method can be used for the quantitative analysis of diethylcarbamazine citrate, guaiphenesin and chlorpheniramine maleate.

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Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Concern is growing regarding the prospects of achieving the global elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) by 2020. Apart from operational difficulties, evidence is emerging which points to unique challenges that could confound achieving LF elimination as extinction targets draw near. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)-medicated salt may overcome these complex challenges posed by the endgame phase of parasite elimination. We calibrated LF transmission models using Bayesian data-model assimilation techniques to baseline and follow-up infection data from 11 communities that underwent DEC salt medication. The fitted models were used to assess the utility of DEC salt treatment for achieving LF elimination, in comparison with other current and proposed drug regimens, during the endgame phase. DEC-medicated salt consistently reduced microfilaria (mf) prevalence from 1% mf to site-specific elimination thresholds more quickly than the other investigated treatments. The application of DEC salt generally required less than one year to achieve site-specific LF elimination, while annual and biannual MDA options required significantly longer durations to achieve the same task. The use of DEC-medicated salt also lowered between-site variance in extinction timelines, especially when combined with vector control. These results indicate that the implementation of DEC-medicated salt, where feasible, can overcome endgame challenges facing LF elimination programs.

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Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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One of the greatest discoveries of mankind in the twentieth century was antibiotics. Antibiotics have saved a number of patient?s lives, and also played a vital role in achieving major advance in medical science. But now antibiotic resistance had become major clinical and public health problems all over the world. Today we can list a number of organisms that are resistant to not one but two different antibiotics. There are a number of factors that cause to the resistance and it includes the misuse of antibiotics, development and spread of resistant genes and resistant bacteria. we can overcome and prevent the antibiotic resistance by targeting resistance mechanism, which will make the novel antibiotic more effective and sustainable.

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Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI

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Feasibility of implementing a DEC-fortified (DEC at 0.2% w/w and iodine) salt strategy to hasten elimination of diurnally sub-periodic Wuchereria bancrofti (DspWB) from the lone foci in Nancowry islands, Nicobar district, India, was assessed. This is a two-arm community-based study: one arm (12 villages, population 2936) received double fortified salt along with annual mass drug administration (MDA) of DEC plus albendazole (DEC-salt+MDA-arm), and another (14 villages; population 4840) received MDA under the National Filaria Elimination Programme. DEC salt was distributed on camp mode supplemented by door delivery. Monthly survey was carried out in fixed and random households to assess the coverage, usage of DEC salt and DEC content. The impact on prevalence of mf at community level and antigenaemia among children was assessed. A total of 21 metric tonnes of free-flow DEC salt manufactured by Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation, India, was distributed for 1 year. In the DEC-salt+MDA-arm, > 90% of the households received and used the DEC salt. DEC was within therapeutic range (0.2?0.32% w/w) in the samples collected from kitchens. Community mf prevalence reduced from 2.27 to 0.14% in the DEC-salt-arm (< 1% in all the villages) and 1.26 to 0.74% (> 1% in 4 out of 14 villages) in the MDA-arm. Ag prevalence reduced to zero from 1.0 (DEC-salt+MDA-arm) and 6.3% (MDA-arm) in 2?3 years old, 1.2 and 3.6% from 2.9 in the DEC-salt-arm and 4.5% in the MDA-arm among 6?7 years old. It was feasible to deliver DEC-fortified salt covering > 90% of the households with compliance reaching the elimination target in the islands.

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Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI